Nobel Prize for Medicine goes to Hepatitis C discovery
Three scientists who discovered the Hepatitis C virus have won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology.
Americans Harvey Alter and Charles Rice together with Briton Michael Houghton won the Nobel Medicine Prize on October 5, 2020 for the discovery of the Hepatitis C virus. Photo: AFP PHOTO / THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY / JOHN ABBOTT / CHIACHI CHANG / NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH / UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA / RICHARD SIEMENS
The winners are British scientist Michael Houghton and US researchers Harvey Alter and Charles Rice. The Nobel Prize committee said their discoveries ultimately “saved millions of lives”.
The virus is a common cause of liver cancer and a major reason why people need a liver transplant.
In the 1960s, there was huge concern that people receiving donated blood were getting chronic hepatitis (liver inflammation) from an unknown, mysterious disease.
The Nobel Prize committee said a blood transfusion at the time was like “Russian roulette”.
Highly sensitive blood tests mean such cases have now been eliminated in many parts of the world, and effective anti-viral drugs have also been developed.
“For the first time in history, the disease can now be cured, raising hopes of eradicating Hepatitis C virus from the world,” the prize committee said.
However, there are 70 million people currently living with the virus, which still kills around 400,000 a year.
The mystery killer
The viruses Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B had been discovered by the mid-1960s.
Prof Harvey Alter, while studying transfusion patients at the US National Institutes of Health in 1972, showed there was another, mystery, infection at work.
Patients were still getting sick after receiving donated blood.
He showed that giving blood from infected patients to chimpanzees led to them developing the disease.
The mysterious illness became known as “non-A, non-B” hepatitis and the hunt was on.
Prof Michael Houghton, while at the pharmaceutical firm Chiron, managed to isolate the genetic sequence of the virus in 1989. This showed it was a type of flavivirus and it was named Hepatitis C.
And Prof Charles Rice, while at Washington University in St Louis, applied the finishing touches in 1997. He injected a genetically engineered Hepatitis C virus into the liver of chimpanzees and showed this could lead to hepatitis.
Prof Houghton, now at the University of Alberta in Canada, told the BBC: “We had limited tools available to us then, so it was rather like searching for a needle in a haystack.
“The amount of virus present in the liver and the blood was very low, and the sensitivity of our techniques was not high enough, so we were sailing very close to the wind all the time.
“We tried a lot of methods, probably 30 or 40 different methodological approaches over seven years, and eventually one worked.”
Commenting on the announcement, Dr Claire Bayntun, a clinical consultant in global public health and vice-president of Royal Society of Medicine, said the discovery was an “extraordinary achievement”.
She said: “[In] unlocking the door to the development of effective treatment and screening of blood transfusions, and protecting populations in many regions of the world, millions of lives have been saved.”
– BBC
